Outcomes 3 - Professional knowledge

They must be able to:

1. Describe and illustrate from their own professional experience the range of settings in which patients receive care, including in the community, in patients' homes and in primary and secondary care provider settings
2. Explain and illustrate from their own professional experience the importance of integrating patients' care across different settings to ensure person-centred care
3. Describe emerging trends in settings where care is provided, for example the shift for more care to be delivered in the community rather than in secondary care settings
4. Describe the relationship between healthcare and social care and how they interact.

They must be able to:

1. Explain how normal human structure and function and physiological processes applies, including at the extremes of age, in children and young people and during pregnancy and childbirth
2. Explain the relevant scientific processes underlying common and important disease processes
3. Justify, through an explanation of the underlying fundamental principles and clinical reasoning, the selection of appropriate investigations for common clinical conditions and diseases
4. Select appropriate forms of management for common diseases, and ways of preventing common diseases, and explain their modes of action and their risks from first principles
5. Describe medications and medication actions: therapeutics and pharmacokinetics; medication side effects and interactions, including for multiple treatments, long term physical and mental conditions and non-prescribed drugs; the role of pharmacogenomics and antimicrobial stewardship
6. Analyse clinical phenomena and conduct appropriate critical appraisal and analysis of clinical data, and explain clinical reasoning in action and how they formulate a differential diagnosis and management plan.

They must be able to:

1. Describe and illustrate from examples the spectrum of normal human behaviour at an individual level
2. Integrate psychological concepts of health, illness and disease into patient care and apply theoretical frameworks of psychology to explain the varied responses of individuals, groups and societies to disease
3. Explain the relationship between psychological and medical conditions and how psychological factors impact on risk and treatment outcome
4. Describe the impact of patients' behaviours on treatment and care and how these are influenced by psychological factors
5. Describe how patients adapt to major life changes, such as bereavement, and the adjustments that might occur in these situations
6. Identify appropriate strategies for managing patients with substance misuse or risk of self-harm or suicide
7. Explain how psychological aspects of behaviour, such as response to error, can influence behaviour in the workplace in a way that can affect health and safety and apply this understanding to their personal behaviours and those of colleagues.

They must be able to:

1. Recognise how society influences and determines the behaviour of individuals and groups and apply this to the care of patients
2. Review the sociological concepts of health, illness and disease and apply these to the care of patients
3. Apply theoretical frameworks of sociology to explain the varied responses of individuals, groups and societies to disease
4. Recognise sociological factors that contribute to illness, the course of the disease and the success of treatment and apply these to the care of patients - including issues relating to health inequalities and the social determinants of health, the links between occupation and health, and the effects of poverty and affluence
5. Explain the sociological aspects of behavioural change and treatment concordance and compliance, and apply these models to the care of patients as part of person-centred decision making.

They must be able to:

1. Explain the concept of wellness or wellbeing as well as illness, and be able to help and empower people to achieve the best health possible, including promoting lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation, avoiding substance misuse and maintaining a healthy weight through physical activity and diet
2. Describe the health of a population using basic epidemiological techniques and measurements
3. Evaluate the environmental, social, behavioural and cultural factors which influence health and disease in different populations
4. Assess, by taking a history, the environmental, social, psychological, behavioural and cultural factors influencing a patient's presentation, and identify options to address these, including advocacy for those who are disempowered
5. Apply epidemiological data to manage healthcare for the individual and the community and evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of interventions
6. Outline the principles underlying the development of health, health service policy, and clinical guidelines, including principles of health economics, equity, and sustainable healthcare
7. Apply the principles of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of disease, including immunisation and screening
8. Evaluate the role of ecological, environmental and occupational hazards in ill-health and discuss ways to mitigate their effects
9. Apply the basic principles of communicable disease control in hospital and community settings, including disease surveillance
10. Discuss the role and impact of nutrition to the health of individual patients and societies
11. Evaluate the determinants of health and disease and variations in healthcare delivery and medical practice from a global perspective and explain the impact that global changes may have on local health and wellbeing.

They must be able to:

1. Explain the role and hierarchy of evidence in clinical practice and decision making with patients
2. Interpret and communicate research evidence in a meaningful way for patients to support them in making informed decisions about treatment and management
3. Describe the role and value of qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches to scientific enquiry
4. Interpret common statistical tests used in medical research publications
5. Critically appraise a range of research information including study design, the results of relevant diagnostic, prognostic and treatment trials, and other qualitative and quantitative studies as reported in the medical and scientific literature.
6. Formulate simple relevant research questions in biomedical science, psychosocial science or population science, and design appropriate studies or experiments to address the questions
7. Describe basic principles and ethical implications of research governance including recruitment into trials and research programmes
8. Describe stratified risk
9. Describe the concept of personalised medicine to deliver care tailored to the needs of individual patients
10. Use evidence from large scale public health reviews and other sources of public health data to inform decisions about the care of individual patients.